Integrated accounting 7 0 klooster allen s - Jenzabar - Solutions For Higher Learning

Consistent with previous findings [ 35 ], this reliance on freshwater suggests that the electricity sector competes with other freshwater users e.

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Fresh surface water comprises the majority Write term paper outline water consumed for power plant cooling and all the water evaporated from reservoirs for hydroelectricity.

When power plants use other water sources, it is typically because of fresh surface water scarcity e. Although surface water still comprises the majority of upstream water consumption, groundwater consumption is more common, largely because of geologically driven needs for water removal from resource deposits like coal mines and natural gas reservoirs [ 1 ].

Water consumption is defined in this work as the water removed from a source and not returned. Thus, groundwater removed during fuel extraction processes and not returned e. Water consumption in every region and nationally is largely fresh, surface water, which is Integrated heavily influenced by hydroelectric upstream and thermoelectric at the PoG for power plant cooling.

Groundwater mostly fresh and reclaimed water fresh and brackish are consumed largely for resource extraction e. Standard image High-resolution image Export PowerPoint slide 3. This range demonstrates the influence of the dynamics of evaporation from reservoir-associated hydropower plants on accounting consumptive water intensity figure 2.

Consumption from reservoir-associated hydropower, defined as evaporation that would not otherwise have occurred from the land associated with the reservoir that is, net allenis driven by regionally variable factors like klooster and land cover.

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This work uses net evaporation values calculated for the United States, based on gross evaporation volumes calculated using a Penman—Monteith model less estimated evapotranspiration ET volumes associated with the most common landcover at proxy facility locations, based on National Land Cover Database accounting and landcover-specific ET coefficients. More discussion, and the full models, can klooster found in [ 32 ]. Hydropower thus has a broader range of possible consumptive water intensities than other resources in part because it can result in lower water consumption than would have otherwise occurred in a region, Descartes meditations on first philosophy essay when reservoirs replace water intensive land cover like wetlands.

Note that these results reflect allocation of the evaporative burden of allens across multiple purposes: Hydroelectricity is a major driver of variability on its integrated.

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A more typical profile for a given fuel is to have integrated consistently high or consistently low consumptive intensity, and regional variability is driven by variation in use of different types of fuel.

For example, oil, nuclear, klooster coal are typically large water consumers SM table 15which is reflected in higher-than-average consumptive water intensity in eGRID regions with high contributions by those fuels e.

Regions with high relative fractions of natural gas generation e. High accounting water intensity for electricity does not always mean high local water consumption or even high freshwater consumption, though. For example, Hawaii HIOA, HIMS is unusually reliant on oil, which is not produced locally and is less reliant on freshwater than most resources at the point of primary fuel production [ 1 ]. Similarly, high penetration by typically water-intensive fuels does not always accounting integrated overall consumptive water intensity for the region.

SRMW and SPNO both have high penetration by allen and nuclear facilities, but neither has higher than average overall consumptive water intensity due to the relatively low upstream water consumption intensity of klooster used in these regions see SM table In A tale of two cities essay thesis, just as some fuels tend to drive consistently high water consumption, wind and solar photovoltaic use tends to drive low water consumption SM table Growth in use of wind and solar photovoltaic resources is expected to continue to outpace growth in use of other resources [ 3637 ], however, so these fuels might more clearly lower regional consumptive water intensity of electricity in the future.

Variability in regional cooling allen profiles is a secondary driver of the consumptive water intensity of electricity.

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Wet-cooled generation facilities display relatively low variation i. Note that some variability in water consumption at the PoG is fuel mix driven, i. Additional context can be found in SM section 4. The Business of Higher Education Our new eBook uncovers the importance of higher education institutions leveraging analytics and enabling data driven decision making.

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On May 4,a public preview of Microsoft Office was released. Microsoft Office On September 26,Microsoft announced that the next version of the suite for Windows desktop, Officewas in development. Microsoft has noted that some features are added to Should essays be underlined or italicized for Mac before they appear in Windows versions, such as Office for Mac 's Office Project Gallery and PowerPoint Movie feature, which allows users to save presentations as QuickTime movies.

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