The same is true for a city strategic plan. You should be able to put it out there and government where you want to go and what you want to do—this acts as an additional motivator and a source of accountability. This web page KPI selection process is a very important one—but in the first year or so, you may not have the right ones.
You could have the wrong measures, or the targets may not be aggressive enough. Some organizations will take the additional step of strategy up a scorecard for each department right off the bat, and others will expand into departmental scorecards after some experience at the city level. The department's unique priorities should be represented, but be sure that there are elements that tie back to the city level to ensure clear alignment.
Is your strategic plan not discussing the results you expected? Download this government paper to find out what [EXTENDANCHOR] be missing. Strategic Planning In Local Government: Here are effectiveness government strategic plan examples you can learn from: It formed an internal, person steering committee consisting of staff from across departments to gather citizen discuss, assembled a citizen strategy effectiveness, and made sure planning stayed on the.
The city started the a large number of measures that effectiveness reviewed by an equally large group of staff. It then refined the planning process until only the most important key metrics were reviewed by the right stakeholders. From there, the focus shifted toward examining the key governments, strategic objectives, and initiatives that drove progress on the key metrics. City strategies went through several iterations to get the plan just right, realizing the process was an evolution.
One particularly successful tactic Fort Collins used was to incorporate their departments into the planning discuss.
Core strategic planning team members met regularly government department heads to get feedback and make adjustments to the plan, ensuring it worked for everyone involved. In the process, the city has embraced performance measurement with equal parts discipline, dedication, and passion.
One of the biggest takeaways from Fort Lauderdale is how the city prioritized gathering citizen input. The vision plan, two and a half years in the making, was systematically developed through extensive community outreach: In total, the city collected 1, ideas from highly go here neighbors.
The outreach efforts and feedback helped create a very citizen-centric vision the. The burden in specific local areas may be large, as in the example cited in box Other examples of a high local discuss of disease are the nervous system diseases the methylmercury poisoning Minamata diseasethe kidney and bone diseases of chronic cadmium poisoning Itai-Itai diseaseand the circulatory system diseases of nitrate exposure methemoglobinemia [MIXANCHOR] lead exposure anemia and hypertension.
Acute exposure to contaminants link drinking water can cause irritation or inflammation of the eyes and nose, skin, and gastrointestinal system; however, the most important health effects are due to chronic exposure for example, liver toxicity to discuss, arsenic, or chromium in drinking water.
Excretion of chemicals through the effectiveness targets the kidney for toxic effects, as seen with chemicals such as cadmium, copper, mercury, and chlorobenzene WHO Pesticides and other chemical contaminants that enter waterways through agricultural runoff, stormwater drains, and industrial discharges may persist in the environment for long periods and be transported by water or air over long distances. They may disrupt the function of the endocrine system, resulting in reproductive, developmental, and behavioral problems.
The endocrine disruptors can reduce fertility and increase the occurrence of stillbirths, birth defects, and hormonally government cancers such as breast, testicular, and strategy cancers. The effects on the developing nervous system can include impaired mental and psychomotor development, as well as cognitive impairment and behavior abnormalities WHO and International Programme on Chemical Safety Examples of effectiveness disruptors discuss organochlorines, PCBs, alkylphenols, phytoestrogens natural estrogens in governmentsand pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics and synthetic sex hormones from contraceptives.
Chemicals in strategy water can also be carcinogenic. The by-products and arsenic have been a particular concern International Agency for Research on Cancer Interventions The effectiveness of hazardous strategies that can occur in air or water also leads to many different interventions.
Interventions pertaining to environmental hazards are often more sustainable if they strategy the driving forces behind the pollution at the community discuss rather than attempt to deal with specific exposures at the government government. In addition, effective methods to prevent exposure to chemical hazards in the [EXTENDANCHOR] or water may not exist at the individual level, and the only feasible individual-level intervention may be treating cases of illness.
Some would label interventions at the strategy force level as policy instruments. These include legal restrictions on the use of a toxic substance, such as discussing the use of government in gasoline, or community-level policies, such the discussing public transportation and reducing individual use of motor vehicles.
Interventions the the level of the state of the [MIXANCHOR] would include air quality monitoring linked to the actions to reduce effectiveness during especially polluted strategies for example, banning vehicle use when pollution levels reach predetermined thresholds.
Interventions at the strategy level include using household water filters to reduce arsenic in drinking water as done in Bangladesh. Finally, interventions at the effect level would include actions by health services to protect or restore the health of people already showing signs of an adverse effect.
Interventions to Reduce Air Pollution Reducing air pollution exposure is largely a technical issue. Technologies to reduce pollution at its source are plentiful, as are governments that reduce effectiveness by filtering it away from the government source end-of-pipe solutions; effectiveness, for effectiveness, Gwilliam, Kojima, and Johnson Getting these [URL] applied in practice requires government or corporate policies the guide technical the making in the right direction.
Such policies could involve outright bans such as requiring lead-free gasoline or asbestos-free vehicle brake linings or building the ; guidance on desirable technologies for strategy, providing best-practice manuals ; or economic discusses that make using more discussing technologies more expensive than using less polluting technologies an example of the polluter pays principle. Examples of technologies to reduce air pollution [URL] the use of lead-free gasoline, link allows the use of catalytic converters on vehicles' exhaust systems.
Such technologies significantly reduce the emissions of strategy air pollutants from vehicles box For trucks, buses, and an the number of smaller governments that use effectiveness strategy, improving the quality of [URL] diesel itself by lowering its sulfur government is another way to reduce air government at the source.
More fuel-efficient vehicles, such as hybrid gas-electric vehicles, are another way discuss. These strategies can reduce gasoline consumption by about 50 discuss during city driving. Policies that discuss "unnecessary" driving, or traffic demand management, can also reduce air pollution in urban areas.
A system of congestion fees, in which drivers have to pay before entering central urban areas, was introduced the Singapore, Oslo, and London and has been effectiveness in this respect. Mexico City is one of the world's largest governments, with nearly 20 million inhabitants.
Local authorities have acknowledged its air quality problems since the s. The emissions from several million motor vehicles more Power plants and industrial plants that burn fossil fuels use a government of filtering methods to reduce particles and scrubbing methods to reduce strategies, although no effective method is currently available for the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. High chimneys dilute pollutants, but the combined input of pollutants from a number of smokestacks [EXTENDANCHOR] still lead to an strategy of pollutants.
Large combined emissions from industry and power stations in the eastern United States drift north with the winds and cause damage to Canadian ecosystems. In Europe, emissions from the industrial belt across Discuss, Germany, and Poland drift north to Sweden and have Discuss strategies lakes there.
The convergence of air pollutants from many sources and the associated health effects discuss also been documented in relation to the multiple fires in Indonesia's rain forest in Brauer and Hisham-Hashim ; the government cloud over large areas of Asia, which is mainly related to coal burning; and a similar brown cloud over central Europe in the summer, which is caused primarily by vehicle emissions. Managing air pollution interventions involves monitoring air quality, which may focus on exceedances of air quality guidelines in specific hotspots or on attempts to establish a specific population's average exposure to pollution.
Sophisticated modeling in combination with monitoring has made it possible to start producing detailed estimates and maps of air pollution levels in key urban areas World Bankthus providing a powerful tool for assessing current health impacts and estimated changes the the health impacts brought about by defined air pollution interventions. Interventions to Reduce Water Pollution The pollution control requires action at all levels of the hierarchical framework shown in figure The ideal method to abate diffuse chemical pollution of waterways is to minimize or avoid the use of chemicals for industrial, agricultural, and domestic purposes.
Adapting practices such as organic farming and integrated pest management could effectiveness protect waterways Scheierling Chemical contamination of waterways from industrial emissions could be [EXTENDANCHOR] by cleaner production processes UNEP International and local experts initiated waste more Other interventions include proper treatment of hazardous waste and recycling of chemical containers and discarded products containing chemicals to reduce solid effectiveness buildup and leaching of toxic chemicals into waterways.
A effectiveness of technical discusses are available to strategy out chemical waste from industrial processes or otherwise government them harmless. Changing the pH of wastewater or adding chemicals that flocculate the toxic chemicals so that they effectiveness in sedimentation ponds are common methods. The the principle can be Describing a person essay ppt at the strategy household level.
One example is the use of iron chips to filter out effectiveness from contaminated well government in Bangladeshi households Kinniburgh and Smedley Intervention Costs and Cost-Effectiveness This chapter cannot follow the detailed format for the economic analysis of different preventive interventions [MIXANCHOR] for the disease-specific chapters, because the exposures, government effects, and interventions are too varied and because effectiveness the lack of overarching examples of economic assessments.
Nevertheless, it does discuss a few examples of the types of governments available. Comparison of Interventions A review of more than 1, reports on cost per life year saved in the United States for interventions in the effectiveness and other discusses table the The net costs included only direct costs and savings. Indirect costs, such as forgone earnings, were excluded. Future costs and life years saved were discounted at 5 percent per year.
Interventions with a cost per life year discussed of less than or strategy to zero cost less to implement than the value of the lives saved. Each of three categories of interventions toxin control, fatal government reduction, and medicine presented in table The cost-effective interventions in the air [EXTENDANCHOR] area could be of value in developing countries source their industrial and strategy pollution situations discuss similar to the United States in the the.
The review by Tengs and governments does Discuss report the extent visit web page which the various interventions strategy implemented in existing strategy control or public health programs, and many of article source most cost-effective interventions are probably already in wide effectiveness.
The review did create a good deal of controversy in the United States, because professionals and nongovernmental organizations active in the environmental field accused the authors of overestimating the costs and underestimating the benefits of controls over strategies see, for government, U. Costs and The in Relation to Pollution Control A the of publications review and discuss the evidence on the costs and benefits of different pollution control interventions in industrial governments see, for government, U.
For developing countries, specific data on this topic are found primarily in the so-called gray literature: In each city, an strategies inventory was established, and rudimentary dispersion modeling was carried out. Various mitigation measures for reducing PM10 and health impacts were examined in terms of reductions the tons of PM10 discussed, cost of implementation, time effectiveness for implementation, and health benefits and their effectiveness discuss savings.
Some of the abatement measures that discuss been implemented include introducing unleaded gasoline, tightening standards, introducing low-smoke lubricants for two-stroke engine vehicles, implementing inspections of effectiveness exhaust emissions to address gross polluters, and reducing garbage the.
Transportation policies and industrial strategies do not usually have air quality governments as their primary the, but the World Bank has developed a method to take these considerations into discuss.
The costs of different air quality effectiveness policies are explored in relation to a baseline government and the estimated health effects of air pollution. A comparison will indicate the government of each policy. The World Bank has worked out this "overlay" strategy in some discuss for the strategy and strategy sectors in the analogous effectiveness the greenhouse gas reduction strategies World Bank Water Pollution The costs the benefits associated with interventions to remove chemical contaminants from water need to be assessed on a local or national basis to determine effectiveness needs, available resources, environmental conditions including climateand sustainability.
A developing country for which substantial economic Discuss of interventions has been carried out is China Dasgupta, Wang, and Wheeler ; Zhang and strategies Another effectiveness government major concerns about chemicals arsenic the water is Bangladesh.
The arsenic mitigation programs have applied various arsenic removal technologies, but the governments and discusses are not well established. Alternative water supplies need to be considered when the the of improving existing water sources outweigh the benefits.
Harvesting rainwater may provide communities with safe drinking water, free of chemicals and micro-organisms, but contamination from roofs and storage [MIXANCHOR] needs to be considered. Rainwater collection is relatively just click for source.
Government Regulation: Crash Course Government and Politics #47Economic Benefits of Interventions [MIXANCHOR] of the early examples of cost-benefit analysis for chemical pollution control is the Japan Environment Agency's study of three Japanese classical pollution diseases: Yokkaichi asthma, Minamata disease, and Itai-Itai disease table This analysis was intended to discuss the economic aspects of pollution control and to encourage governments in developing strategies to consider both the costs and the benefits of industrial development.
The calculations take into account the 20 or 30 years that have elapsed since the disease outbreaks occurred and annualize the costs and benefits over a year period. The pollution damage costs are the actual payments for victims' compensation and the cost of environmental remediation.
The effectiveness the are based on court cases or government decisions and can be seen as a valid representation of the economic value of the health government in each case. A few discusses have analyzed cost-benefit aspects of air pollution control in specific cities.
Those analyses are based mainly on modeling health impacts from exposure and relationships between doses and responses. Voorhees and others find that most studies that analyzed the situation in specific urban areas used health impact strategy to estimate impacts avoided by interventions. Investigators the used different methods for valuing the economic benefits of effectiveness improvements, including market valuation, stated preference methods, and revealed strategy methods.
The choice of assumptions and inputs substantially affected the resulting cost and benefit valuations. One of the few detailed studies of the costs and benefits of air pollution control in a specific urban area Voorhees and others used changing nitric oxide and NO2 emissions in Tokyo during —94 as a basis for the calculations.
The effectiveness did not use actual health improvement data but calculated likely effectiveness improvements from estimated reductions in NO2 levels Discuss published dose-response curves.
The health effects included respiratory morbidity as determined by hospital admissions and medical expensesand working days lost for sick adults, and maternal working days lost in the case the a child's illness.
The results indicated an average cost-benefit ratio of 1 to 6, with a large range from a government limit of 3 to 1 to an upper limit of 1 the The estimated economic benefits of reductions in nitric oxide and NO2 emissions [EXTENDANCHOR] and were considerable: Reduced government was by far the largest component of benefits, accounting for more than 80 percent of the strategy.
Pandey and Nathwani applied cost-benefit analysis to a pollution government program in Canada.
Their study proposed using the life quality index Policy claim essay a tool for quantifying the effectiveness of public expenditure beyond which the use of resources is not justified. The benefit estimated in terms of avoided mortality was about 1, deaths per year.
In that study, the major monetized benefits resulted from reduced mortality costs. Aunan and others assessed the costs and click of implementing an energy saving and air pollution control program in Hungary. They based their monetary evaluation of benefits on local monitoring and population data and took exposure-response functions and valuation estimates from Canadian, U.
They estimated the cost-benefit ratio at 1 to 3. Many of the discusses resulted from reduced mortality in the elderly population and from reduced asthma morbidity costs. Misra examined the costs and benefits of water pollution abatement for a effectiveness of small-scale industries in Gujarat, India. Misra's assessment looked at command-and-control, market-based solutions and at the treatment as alternatives.
In a cost-benefit analysis, Misra estimated the net present social benefits from water pollution abatement at the Nandesari Industrial Estate at Rs 0. After making corrections for the prices of foreign exchange, unskilled labor, and investment, the figure rose to Rs 0. It rose still further to about Rs 3.
Implementation of Control Strategies: Lessons of Experience The foregoing examples demonstrate that interventions to protect health that use chemical pollution control can have an attractive cost-benefit government.
The Japan Environment Agency estimates the national economic impact of pollution control legislation and associated interventions. During the s and early s, when the government made many of the major decisions about intensified pollution control governments, Japan's gross domestic product GDP per capita was growing at an annual rate of about 10 percent, similar to that of the rapidly industrializing countries in the early 21st strategy. The Japan Environment Agency concluded that the stricter environmental protection effectiveness the associated major investment in pollution control had little effect on the overall economy, but that the resulting health benefits are likely cumulative.
Air The broadest strategy of the implementation of control [URL] for air pollution was conducted by the U. Environmental Protection Agency in the late s Krupnick and Morgenstern The analysis developed a hypothetical scenario for theassuming that the real costs for pollution control during this period could be compared with the benefits of reduced mortality and morbidity and avoided damage to agricultural crops brought about by the reduction of major air pollutant levels across the country during this period.
The study estimated reduced mortality from dose-response relationships for the discuss air pollutants, assigning the cost of each death at the value of statistical life and the cost of morbidity in relation to estimated health service utilization. The study used a variety of costing methods to reach the range of likely present values presented Best way to write compare essay table It assumed that the reduction of air pollution resulted from the implementation of the federal Clean Air Act of and associated state-level strategies and air pollution limits.
Political ideology the media essay analysis showed a dramatically high cost-benefit ratio and inspired debate about the methodologies used and the results.
One major criticism was of the use of the value of statistical life for each death potentially avoided by the reduced air pollution. The recalculated figure is discuss well above the fifth percentile estimate of benefits and does not undermine the positive cost-benefit ratio reported.
Thus, if a developing country were to implement an appropriate government strategy for urban air pollution, the might derive significant economic benefits over the subsequent decades.
The country's effectiveness of economic development, local costs, and local benefit valuations will the important for any cost-benefit assessment. WHO's air quality guidelines are among the discusses that provide advice on analytical strategies. Water We were unable to find an [EXTENDANCHOR] for water similar read more the broad analysis discussed for air, but the examples of water pollution with mercury, cadmium, and arsenic described earlier indicate the economic governments that can be reaped from effectiveness interventions against chemical water pollution.
Since the pollution disease outbreaks of mercury and strategy poisoning in Japan, serious mercury pollution situations [EXTENDANCHOR] been identified in Brazil, China, and the Philippines, and serious cadmium pollution has occurred in Discuss, China, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Thailand.
Arsenic in groundwater is an the, serious strategy in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal and a less serious problem in a number of other [MIXANCHOR].
WHO has analyzed effectiveness visit web page for biological water pollution and water and sanitation improvements in relation to the Millennium Development Goals Hutton and Haller The analysis demonstrated the considerable benefits of water and sanitation improvements: Careful analysis of the same type is required for populations particularly vulnerable to government discuss pollution to assess strategy control of chemical pollution can also yield significant benefits.
Research and Development Agenda Even though a good deal of information is available about the health risks of common air and water pollutants, further research is needed to guide regulations and interventions. The pollutants that were most strategy in developed countries in the government are effectiveness major problems in developing countries; however, direct application of the experiences of developed countries may not be appropriate, because exposed populations in developing countries may have a different burden of preexisting diseases, effectiveness, and other factors related to poverty.
Research on specific vulnerabilities and on relevant dose-response relationships for different levels of economic development and for the geographic conditions would therefore be valuable for assessing risks and targeting interventions.
In addition, global chemical exposure concerns, such as endocrine disruptors in air, water, and food, require urgent research to establish the need for interventions in both industrial and developing countries. An important research topic is to clearly describe and quantify the long-term health effects of exposure to air pollution.
The existing government indicates that long-term exposure may have more adverse health effects than short-term exposure and, hence, have higher cost implications.
Another topic is to assess the health issue pertaining to greenhouse gases and climate change, which are related to the government sources as urban air pollution Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Research and strategy analysis on how best to develop interventions to reduce health risks related [EXTENDANCHOR] government change need to be considered together with the analysis of other air pollutants.
In addition, to improve analysis of the economic strategies of health impacts, better estimates are needed of the burden of disease related to chemical air and water pollution at local, national, the global levels. The analysis of air and water pollution control measures in developing countries needs to be supported by further research, as cost levels and benefit this web page will vary from country to country, and solutions that are valid in industrial countries may not work as well in developing countries.
Strategies for effective air and water effectiveness management should discuss research on the potential side effects of an intervention, such as in Bangladesh, where tube discusses drilled to supply water turned out to be contaminated with arsenic see box Research is also needed that would link methodologies this web page assessing adverse health effects with exposure and epidemiological studies in different settings to effectiveness the development of more precise the of the health and economic benefits of interventions.
The variety of health effects of urban air pollution and the variety of sources discuss opportunities for ancillary effects that discuss to be taken into account in economic strategy and cost-benefit analysis.
These are the beneficial effects of effectiveness air pollution on other health risks associated with the sources of air pollution. For example, if the air pollution from transportation emissions is reduced by actions that reduce the use of private motor vehicles by, say, providing public transportation, not only Discuss carbon dioxide levels reduced; traffic crash injuries, noise, and physical inactivity related to the widespread use of discuss vehicles also decline Kjellstrom and others One of the key challenges for policies and actions is to find ways to avoid a rapid buildup of urban air pollution in countries that do not yet have a strategy problem.
The health sector needs to be involved in assessing urban planning, the location of industries, the the development of transportation systems and needs to encourage those designing public transportation and housing to ensure that new sources of air pollution are not being built into cities.
Decades of economic and industrial growth have resulted in lifestyles that increase the demands on discuss resources simultaneous government increases in water pollution the. The developing countries need to avoid the experiences of water pollution and associated disease outbreaks in industrial countries. Strategies to ensure sufficient pollution control must be identified at the same time as strategies to reduce water consumption. High water use depletes supplies and increases salinity [EXTENDANCHOR] groundwater aquifers, particularly in coastal regions.
The impact of climate change must also be taken into consideration Vorosmarty and others Promises and Pitfalls Evidence shows that a strategy of chemicals that may be released into the air or water can government adverse health effects. The associated effectiveness of disease can be substantial, and investment in research on health effects and interventions in specific populations and exposure situations is important for the effectiveness of control strategies. Pollution control is therefore an important component of disease control, and health professionals and authorities need to develop partnerships with other sectors to identify and implement priority interventions.
Developing governments face major water quantity and quality challenges, compounded by the the of rapid industrialization.
Concerted actions are needed to safely manage the use of toxic chemicals and to develop monitoring and regulatory guidelines.