Maleato de timolol farmacodinamia - Se utiliza para el tratamiento de:

View All Timolol Description Timolol maleate is a nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent. The chemical name for Farmacodinamia maleate is S [ 1,1-dimethylethyl amino][[4- 4-morpholinyl -1,2,5-thiadiazolyl]oxy]propanol Z butenedioate 1: It possesses an asymmetric carbon atom in its structure and is provided as the timolol isomer.

Timolol maleate has a molecular weight of It is a white, odorless, crystalline powder which maleato soluble in water, methanol, and alcohol. Timolol maleate is supplied as tablets containing 5 mg, 10 mg and 20 mg Timolol timolol for farmacodinamia administration.

Separating Fact From Fiction Timolol - Clinical Pharmacology Timolol maleate is a beta1 and beta2 nonselective adrenergic receptor blocking agent that does not have significant intrinsic sympathomimetic, direct myocardial depressant, or local anesthetic activity, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia. Pharmacodynamics Clinical pharmacology studies have confirmed the beta-adrenergic blocking activity as shown by 1 changes maleato resting heart rate and response of heart rate to changes in posture; 2 inhibition of isoproterenol-induced tachycardia; 3 alteration of the response to the Valsalva maneuver timolol amyl nitrite administration; and 4 reduction of heart rate and blood pressure changes on exercise.

Timolol decreases the positive chronotropic, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia, mifepristone e misoprostol preco inotropic, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia, bronchodilator, and vasodilator responses maleato by beta-adrenergic receptor agonists.

Timolol magnitude of this decreased response is proportional to the existing sympathetic tone and farmacodinamia concentration of Timolol at receptor sites.

In normal farmacodinamia, the reduction in heart rate response to a standard exercise was dose dependent over farmacodinamia test range of 0. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade reduces cardiac output in both healthy subjects and patients with heart disease. In patients with severe impairment of myocardial function beta-adrenergic receptor blockade may inhibit the stimulatory timolol of the sympathetic nervous system necessary to maintain adequate cardiac function.

Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in the bronchi and bronchioles results in increased airway resistance from unopposed parasympathetic activity. Such an effect in patients with asthma or other bronchospastic conditions is potentially dangerous. Administration of Timolol to patients maleato hypertension results initially in a decrease in cardiac output, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia, little immediate change in blood pressure, maleato an increase in calculated peripheral resistance.

With continued maleato of Timolol, blood pressure decreases within a few days, cardiac output usually remains reduced, and peripheral resistance falls toward farmacodinamia levels. Plasma volume may decrease timolol remain unchanged during therapy with Timolol.

TIMOPTOL SOLUCION OFTALMICA

timolol In the majority of patients with hypertension Timolol also decreases plasma renin activity, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia. Dosage adjustment to achieve optimal antihypertensive effect may require a few weeks, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia. When therapy with Timolol is discontinued, the blood timolol tends to return to pretreatment levels gradually.

In most farmacodinamia the antihypertensive activity of Timolol is maintained with long-term therapy and is well tolerated. The mechanism of the antihypertensive effects of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents is not established at this time.

Possible mechanisms of action include reduction in cardiac output, reduction in plasma renin activity, and a central nervous system sympatholytic action. Cardura 2mg para que sirve Norwegian multi-center, double-blind study, which included patients 20 to maleato years of age, compared the effects of Timolol maleate with placebo in 1, patients who had survived the acute phase of a myocardial infarction, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia.

Therapy timolol Timolol, begun 7 to 28 days following infarction, was shown to reduce overall mortality; this was primarily attributable to a reduction farmacodinamia cardiovascular mortality. Timolol significantly reduced the incidence of sudden deaths deaths occurring without symptoms or within 24 hours of the onset of symptomsincluding those maleato within one hour, and farmacodinamia instantaneous deaths those occurring maleato preceding symptoms.

The protective effect of Timolol was consistent regardless farmacodinamia age, sex or site of infarction. The effect was clearest in patients with a first infarction who were considered at a high risk of dying, defined as timolol with farmacodinamia or more of the following characteristics during the acute phase: Therapy with Timolol also reduced the incidence of nonfatal reinfarction.

The mechanism of the protective effect of Timolol is unknown. Timolol was studied for the prophylactic treatment of migraine headache in placebo-controlled clinical trials involving patients, mostly women between the ages of timolol and 66 years. Common migraine was the most frequent diagnosis. All patients had at least two headaches per month at baseline.

Approximately 50 percent of patients who maleato Timolol had a reduction in the frequency of migraine headache of at least 50 timolol, compared to a similar decrease in frequency in 30 percent of patients receiving placebo. Detectable plasma levels of Timolol occur within one-half hour and peak plasma levels occur in about one to two hours. The drug half-life in plasma is approximately 4 hours and this is essentially unchanged in where can i buy safe viagra with moderate renal insufficiency.

Timolol is partially metabolized by the liver and Timolol and its metabolites maleato excreted by the kidney, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia. Timolol is not extensively bound to plasma proteins; i.

An in vitro hemodialysis study, using 14C Timolol added to human plasma or whole blood, showed that Timolol was readily dialyzed from these fluids; however, a study of patients with renal failure showed that Timolol did not dialyze readily.

The level of beta sympathetic activity varies widely among individuals, and no simple correlation exists between the dose or plasma level of Timolol maleate and its therapeutic activity. Indications timolol Usage for Timolol Hypertension Timolol maleate tablets are indicated for the treatment of hypertension.

They may be timolol alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, especially thiazide-type diuretics. Myocardial Infarction Timolol is indicated in patients who have survived the acute phase of myocardial infarction, and are clinically stable, to reduce cardiovascular mortality and the risk of reinfarction.

Migraine Timolol is indicated for the prophylaxis of migraine headache. Contraindications Timolol maleate is contraindicated in patients with bronchial asthma or with a maleato of bronchial asthma, or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease see WARNINGS ; sinus bradycardia; second- and third-degree atrioventricular block; overt cardiac failure see WARNINGS ; maleato shock; hypersensitivity to this product.

Warnings Cardiac Failure Sympathetic stimulation may be essential for support of the circulation in individuals with timolol myocardial contractility, and its inhibition by beta-adrenergic receptor blockade may precipitate more severe failure. Although beta-blockers should be avoided in overt congestive heart failure, they can farmacodinamia used, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia, if necessary, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia, with caution in patients with a history of failure who are well compensated, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia, usually with digitalis and diuretics.

Both maleato and Timolol maleate slow AV conduction. Farmacodinamia cardiac failure persists, therapy with Timolol maleate should be withdrawn. In Patients Without a History of Cardiac Failure Continued depression of the myocardium with beta-blocking agents over a period of time can, in some cases, lead to cardiac failure.

If cardiac failure continues, despite adequate digitalization and diuretic therapy, Timolol should be withdrawn. Exacerbation of Ischemic Heart Disease Following Abrupt Withdrawal Hypersensitivity to catecholamines has been observed in patients withdrawn from beta-blocker therapy; exacerbation of angina and, in some cases, myocardial infarction have occurred after abrupt discontinuation of such therapy.

When discontinuing chronically administered Timolol maleate, particularly in patients with ischemic heart disease, the dosage should be gradually reduced over a period of one to two weeks and the patient should be carefully monitored. If angina markedly worsens or acute coronary insufficiency develops, Timolol maleate administration should be reinstituted promptly, at least temporarily, and other measures appropriate for the management of unstable maleato should be taken.

Patients should be warned against interruption or discontinuation of therapy without the physician's advice. Because coronary artery disease is common and may be unrecognized, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia, it may be prudent not to discontinue Timolol maleate therapy abruptly even in patients treated only for hypertension.

However, if Timolol is necessary in such patients, then the drug should be administered with caution since it may block bronchodilation produced by endogenous and exogenous catecholamine 5mg diazepam alcohol of beta2 receptors.

Major Surgery The necessity or desirability of withdrawal of beta-blocking therapy prior to major surgery is controversial. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade impairs the ability of the farmacodinamia to respond to beta-adrenergically mediated reflex stimuli.

This timolol augment the risk of general anesthesia in surgical procedures. Some patients receiving beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents have been subject timolol protracted severe hypotension during anesthesia, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia.

Difficulty in restarting and maintaining the heartbeat has also been reported. For these reasons, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia, in patients undergoing elective surgery, some authorities recommend gradual withdrawal of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia.

Diabetes Mellitus Timolol should be administered with caution in patients subject to spontaneous hypoglycemia or to diabetic patients especially those with labile diabetes timolol are receiving insulin maleato oral maleato agents. Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents may mask the signs and symptoms of acute hypoglycemia. Thyrotoxicosis Beta-adrenergic blockade may mask certain clinical signs e. Patients suspected of developing thyrotoxicosis should be managed carefully to avoid abrupt withdrawal of beta-blockade which might precipitate a thyroid storm.

Dosing in the Presence of Marked Renal Failure Although the pharmacokinetics of Timolol are not greatly altered by renal impairment, marked hypotensive responses have been seen in patients with farmacodinamia renal impairment undergoing dialysis after 20 mg doses.

Dosing in such patients should therefore be especially cautious. Muscle Weakness Beta-adrenergic maleato has been reported to potentiate muscle weakness consistent with certain myasthenic symptoms e. Timolol has been reported rarely to increase muscle weakness in some patients with myasthenia farmacodinamia or myasthenic symptoms. Cerebrovascular Insufficiency Because of potential effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agents relative to blood pressure and pulse, these agents should be used with caution in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency.

If signs or symptoms suggesting reduced cerebral blood flow are observed, consideration should be given to discontinuing these agents, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Blunting of farmacodinamia antihypertensive effect of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been reported. When using these agents concomitantly, patients should be observed carefully to confirm that the desired therapeutic farmacodinamia has been obtained.

BULA DE TRIMOPTOL

Calcium Antagonists Literature reports suggest that oral calcium antagonists may be used in combination maleato beta-adrenergic blocking agents when heart function is normal, but should be avoided in patients with impaired cardiac function.

Hypotension, AV conduction disturbances, and left ventricular failure have been reported in some patients receiving beta-adrenergic blocking agents when an oral calcium antagonist was added to the treatment regimen. Timolol was more likely to occur if the calcium antagonist were a dihydropyridine derivative, e. Intravenous calcium antagonists should be used with caution in patients receiving farmacodinamia blocking agents.

Digitalis and Either Diltiazem or Verapamil The timolol use of beta-adrenergic blocking maleato with digitalis and either diltiazem or verapamil may have additive effects in prolonging AV conduction time. Timolol Potentiated systemic beta-blockade e. Clonidine Beta-adrenergic blocking agents may farmacodinamia the rebound hypertension which can follow the withdrawal of clonidine.

If the two drugs are coadministered, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia, the beta-adrenergic blocking agent should be withdrawn several days before the gradual withdrawal of clonidine.

If replacing clonidine by beta-blocker therapy, the introduction of beta-adrenergic blocking maleato should be delayed for several timolol after clonidine administration has stopped. Risk of Anaphylactic Reaction While taking beta-blockers, maleato with a history of atopy or a history of severe anaphylactic reaction to a variety of allergens may be more reactive to repeated accidental, diagnostic, or therapeutic challenge with such allergens.

Such patients may be unresponsive to the usual doses of epinephrine used to treat anaphylactic reactions. Similar differences were not farmacodinamia in rats administered doses equivalent to approximately 20 or 80 times1 the maximum recommended human dose. An increased incidence of mammary adenocarcinomas in rodents has been associated with administration of several other therapeutic agents which elevate serum prolactin, but no correlation between serum prolactin levels and mammary tumors has been established maleato man.

Furthermore, in adult human female subjects who received oral dosages of up to 60 mg of Timolol maleate, the maximum recommended daily human oral dosage, there were no clinically meaningful timolol in serum prolactin. In the assays with tester strain TA, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia, no consistent dose-response relationship was observed, nor did the ratio of test to control revertants reach 2.

A ratio of 2 is usually considered the criterion for a positive Ames test. Reproduction and fertility studies in rats showed no adverse effect on male or female fertility at doses up to times1 the maximum recommended human dose, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia.

Based on patient weight of 50 kg. Although delayed fetal ossification was observed at this dose in rats, there were no adverse effects on postnatal development of offspring. Increased fetal resorptions were also seen in rabbits at doses of approximately 40 times1 the maximum recommended daily human dose, maleato de timolol farmacodinamia, in allopurinol buy no prescription case farmacodinamia apparent maternotoxicity.

There are no comprar cialis farmacia online and well controlled studies in pregnant women. Timolol should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Nursing Mothers Farmacodinamia maleate has been detected in human milk.